Who Is the Central Image in the Ghent Altarpiece?

by Dr. Ralph F. Wilson
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Hubert (c. 1366-1426). and Jan van Eyck (c. 1390-1441; Flemish painters), Ghent Altarpiece (1432), central panel, God Almighty enthroned. Cathedral of St. Bavo, Ghent.

The Ghent altarpiece (1432) by Hubert and Jan van Eyck, contains a striking image, wearing a papal crown and garments, seated upon a throne, with a crown at his feet. The Latin inscriptions arching over him read:

"Here is God, most powerful because of his divine majesty and high over all because of his sweet goodness and most generous in giving because of his measureless bounty."

Other inscriptions read:

"King of kings and lord of lords."

"Youth without old age on his brow, joy without fear at his side."

The inscription on his sash says "Sabaut" (here used as a title, as in "Lord Sabbaoth his name"). (Latin translations provided by Dr. David S. Wilson-Okamura)

The attribution of the central figure here has been controversial. The papal crown usually indicates the Father, but the youthful face is typical of the Son. Moreover, the central figure is in a triptych of the altarpiece between the Virgin Mary on the left and St. John the Baptist on the right pointing to him -- both figures closely related to Jesus in iconography. Normally when God the Father is depicted, along with him are symbols of other members of the Trinity.

For an in-depth discussion of the pros and cons of this, see Erwin Panofsky, "The Friedsam Annunciation and the Problems of the Ghent Altarpiece," Art Bulletin, 17, No. 4 (1935), 419-442.

After a long discussion, Panofsky concludes: "To summarize: from the point of view of representational traditions, we may safely continue to refer to the central figure in the 'upper triptych' as God the Father.... From the dogmatic point of view this figure belongs in the same class as its forerunners, its parallels, and its Flemish derivatives: it fuses the three Persons, God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Ghost into one image which is dogmatically equivalent to the whole Trinity."

Names and Titles of God

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